Prevalence and Strategies to Combat Sexual Violence in the Urban–Rural Health Zone of Lukonga, Central Kasai in Democratic Republic of Congo

Abstract

Sexual violence constitutes a major global public health and human rights concern, with particularly high incidence in contexts weakened by conflict, poverty, and social instability. Its consequences are multifaceted, including long-term physical, psychological, social, and economic trauma. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual violence and to assess the response strategies implemented in the urban-rural health zone of Lukonga, in Kasai Central Province. The study was based on a descriptive survey conducted among 153 stakeholders directly involved in the prevention and management of sexual violence. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods to estimate frequencies, proportions, and prevalence rates. The findings revealed an overall prevalence of 469.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, highlighting a significant public health issue. Forced marriage emerged as the most common form of sexual violence, underscoring the persistent influence of sociocultural norms that disadvantage women and adolescent girls. Adolescents and young women aged 15 to 24 years were identified as the most affected group, confirming their heightened vulnerability. Although medical services are relatively available and standardized protocols exist, limited access to legal support remains a major barrier to a comprehensive and effective response. Furthermore, rape accounted for only 8.5% of reported cases, with a prevalence estimated at 39.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, suggesting substantial underreporting due to stigma and fear of retaliation. These findings underscore the need to strengthen integrated multisectoral approaches grounded in community-based prevention, holistic survivor-centered care, and sustainable transformation of harmful social norms.